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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...

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Atomically Defined Templates for Epitaxial Growth of Complex Oxide Thin Films
08:49

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Published on: December 4, 2014

Sodium trimer ordering on a NaxCoO2 surface.

Woei Wu Pai1, S H Huang, Ying S Meng

  • 1Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China. wpai@ntu.edu.tw

Physical Review Letters
|June 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered sodium trimers as fundamental units for ordering on NaxCoO2 surfaces. This finding, observed via scanning tunneling microscopy, offers new insights into sodium ion behavior in related materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Surface science
  • Materials science
  • Solid-state chemistry

Background:

  • Sodium cobalt oxides (NaxCoO2) are crucial in energy storage applications.
  • Understanding sodium ion ordering is key to optimizing material performance.
  • Previous studies have explored various sodium cobalt oxide phases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the surface ordering of sodium ions on NaxCoO2 (x=0.84).
  • To identify the fundamental building blocks and phases of sodium ordering.
  • To elucidate the factors contributing to the stability of observed sodium arrangements.

Main Methods:

  • In situ cleaved NaxCoO2 (x=0.84) surface preparation.
  • Ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (UHV-STM) at room temperature.
  • Ab initio calculations to support experimental observations.

Main Results:

  • Identification of three distinct sodium ordering phases with hexagonal unit cells: p(3x3), (√7x√7), and (2√3x2√3).
  • Surface sodium concentrations corresponding to these phases were determined as 1/3, 3/7, and 1/2.
  • A surprising discovery of long-range ordered sodium trimers as the primary building blocks.

Conclusions:

  • Sodium trimers are the fundamental units responsible for long-range ordering on the NaxCoO2 surface.
  • The stability of these trimers is linked to enhanced sodium-oxygen coordination, supported by theoretical calculations.
  • Configurational entropy may also contribute to trimer stability at finite temperatures.