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Related Concept Videos

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions in Dielectrics01:27

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions in Dielectrics

When an electric field passes from one homogeneous medium to another, crossing the boundary between the two mediums imparts a discontinuity in the electric field. This results in electrostatic boundary conditions that depend on the type of mediums the field propagates through.
Consider a case where both the mediums across a boundary are two different dielectric materials. Recall that the electric field and electric displacement are proportional and related through the material's permittivity.
Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Fermi Level Dynamics01:12

Fermi Level Dynamics

The vacuum level denotes the energy threshold required for an electron to escape from a material surface. It is usually positioned above the conduction band of a semiconductor and acts as a benchmark for comparing electron energies within various materials.
Electron affinity in semiconductors refers to the energy gap between the minimum of its conduction band and the vacuum level and it is a critical parameter in determining how easily a semiconductor can accept additional electrons.
The work...
Gauss's Law in Dielectrics01:17

Gauss's Law in Dielectrics

Consider a polar dielectric placed in an external field. In such a dielectric, opposite charges on adjacent dipoles neutralize each other, such that the net charge within the dielectric is zero. When a polar dielectric is inserted in between the capacitor plates, an electric field is generated due to the presence of net charges near the edge of the dielectric and the metal plates interface. Since the external electrical field merely aligns the dipoles, the dielectric as a whole is neutral. An...
Electromagnetic Waves in Matter01:30

Electromagnetic Waves in Matter

Electromagnetic waves can travel in the vacuum as well as in matter. For example light, which is an electromagnetic wave, can travel through air, water, or glass.
Consider the electromagnetic wave passing through a dielectric medium. In such a case, Maxwell's equations get modified. In Ampere's law, ε0 , the dielectric permittivity of free space is replaced with ε, the permittivity of dielectric. Also, the vacuum permeability μ0 is replaced by the permeability of the medium, μ.
Furthermore, the...
Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor01:31

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...

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Updated: Jul 4, 2026

In Situ Time-dependent Dielectric Breakdown in the Transmission Electron Microscope: A Possibility to Understand the Failure Mechanism in Microelectronic Devices
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In Situ Time-dependent Dielectric Breakdown in the Transmission Electron Microscope: A Possibility to Understand the Failure Mechanism in Microelectronic Devices

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Breakdown limits on Gigavolt-per-meter electron-beam-driven wakefields in dielectric structures.

M C Thompson1, H Badakov, A M Cook

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. dr.mcthompson@gmail.com

Physical Review Letters
|June 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Researchers measured the dielectric breakdown threshold using high-energy electron bunches. Breakdown occurred at 13.8 GV/m, establishing a critical field for wakefield acceleration structures.

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In Situ Time-dependent Dielectric Breakdown in the Transmission Electron Microscope: A Possibility to Understand the Failure Mechanism in Microelectronic Devices
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Dependence of Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Results on Pulse Energies and Timing Parameters Using Soil Simulants

Published on: September 23, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Particle Accelerators
  • Plasma Physics

Background:

  • Dielectric materials are crucial for high-gradient accelerating structures.
  • Understanding breakdown thresholds is essential for designing future particle accelerators.
  • Wakefield acceleration relies on intense electric fields generated by particle beams.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure the dielectric breakdown threshold in fused silica under high GV/m wakefields.
  • To determine the critical electric field strength at which breakdown occurs.
  • To correlate structural damage with beam-induced breakdown phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Exposure of fused silica tubes (100 microm inner diameter) to 28.5 GeV electron bunches of varying lengths (30-330 fs).
  • Generation of surface dielectric fields up to 27 GV/m.
  • Detection of breakdown onset via light emission and post-exposure inspection techniques.

Main Results:

  • The first measurements of dielectric breakdown threshold under GV/m wakefields were performed.
  • Breakdown onset was observed at a peak electric field of 13.8 ± 0.7 GV/m.
  • Correlation between structural damage and beam-induced breakdown was established.

Conclusions:

  • The study establishes a precise breakdown threshold for fused silica in high-gradient accelerator applications.
  • Findings are critical for the design and optimization of dielectric-based accelerating structures.
  • The research provides insights into material failure mechanisms under intense electromagnetic fields.