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Updated: Jul 4, 2026
08:46
Force System with Vertical V-Bends: A 3D In Vitro Assessment of Elastic and Rigid Rectangular Archwires
Published on: July 24, 2018
Evaluation of force systems from a "free-end" force system
Barbara Lisniewska-Machorowska1, James Cannon, Stephen Williams
1Department of Orthodontics, Medical University Silesian, Katowice, Poland.
Summary
The V-bend wire configuration in orthodontics can generate controlled intrusive forces and moments for space closure. Adjusting V-bend parameters and using a double wire system optimizes these biomechanical effects for clinical application.
Area of Science:
- Orthodontic biomechanics
- Biomaterials science
Background:
- Investigating V-bend wire configurations in free-end orthodontic systems.
- Examining effects of V-bend position, size, wire dimensions, ligation, and double wire systems.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze biomechanical characteristics of V-bend wires in a free-end system.
- To determine how V-bend parameters influence force and moment generation.
Main Methods:
- Utilized a bench testing machine to measure forces and moments.
- Simulated a 2-premolar extraction case with a special bracket.
- Systematically altered V-bend position in 1.0-mm intervals.
Main Results:
- V-bends generated posterior moments and anterior intrusive forces.
- Increased V-bend size/position and wire dimensions amplified forces/moments.
- A second nickel-titanium wire reduced and stabilized forces/moments.
Conclusions:
- V-bend wires in free-end systems produce variable forces and moments.
- Clinically applicable for intrusion and space-closing procedures.
- Requires careful measurement and monitoring during treatment.
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