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Neurochemical transmission, the conduction of electrical impulses between neurons mediated by neurotransmitters, plays a vital role in various physiological processes. Autonomic drugs exert their effects by modulating neurotransmission within the autonomic nervous system. For instance, drugs such as hemicholinium block the precursor uptake necessary for synthesizing acetylcholine, an essential autonomic neurotransmitter. Following synthesis, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles. Metyrosine...
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Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues
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Chemokines and neuromodulation.

Stéphane Mélik-Parsadaniantz1, William Rostène

  • 1Unité mixte 732 INSERM, UPMC Paris 06, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France. parsadan@st-antoine.inserm.fr

Journal of Neuroimmunology
|June 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Chemokines, like SDF-1/CXCL12 and MCP-1/CCL2, are present in the brain and may act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators, influencing brain functions similarly to neuropeptides.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Chemokines are key immune mediators, typically active during inflammation.
  • Constitutive expression of chemokines in brain glial cells and neurons is increasingly recognized.
  • Emerging evidence suggests a potential neurotransmitter/neuromodulatory role for chemokines in the central nervous system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence supporting a neurotransmitter/neuromodulatory function of chemokines in the brain.
  • To highlight the roles of the SDF-1/CXCL12/CXCR4 and MCP-1/CCL2/CCR2 chemokine systems in this context.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on chemokine function in the brain.
  • Analysis of data on constitutive chemokine expression in neural and glial cells.

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  • Examination of evidence for chemokine signaling pathways in neuronal function.

    • Main Results:

    • Chemokines are constitutively expressed in the brain, not just during inflammation.
    • Specific chemokine systems, such as SDF-1/CXCL12 and MCP-1/CCL2, show potential for neuromodulation.
    • These chemokines may influence brain functions similarly to known neuropeptides.

    Conclusions:

    • Chemokines possess a dual role, acting as both immune mediators and neuroactive substances.
    • The SDF-1/CXCL12 and MCP-1/CCL2 systems provide examples of chemokines with potential neuromodulatory functions in the brain.
    • Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the neurotransmitter/neuromodulatory roles of chemokines in brain function.