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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers

β-adrenergic antagonists, commonly known as β-blockers, block the effects of sympathetic neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (ADR). They have several beneficial effects in heart failure treatment. They reduce heart rate, the force of contraction, and cardiac muscle relaxation. They also slow the atrial-ventricular conduction rate and raise the threshold for arrhythmias. The concentration of β-blockers determines their effects on bronchodilation, vasodilation, and...
Adrenergic Antagonists: ɑ and β-Receptor Blockers01:31

Adrenergic Antagonists: ɑ and β-Receptor Blockers

Third-generation β-blockers, such as labetalol and carvedilol, represent a significant advancement in managing cardiovascular conditions. Unlike conventional β-blockers, which can induce peripheral vasoconstriction, third-generation drugs block α1 adrenoceptors. This promotes vasodilation through several mechanisms, such as increased nitric oxide production, inhibition of calcium ion entry, opening of potassium ion channels, and antioxidant action. Labetalol, for instance, is clinically...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Action of β1 Blockers01:17

Antihypertensive Drugs: Action of β1 Blockers

β1-receptors are primarily located in the heart and kidneys. In cardiac myocytes, these receptors interact with neurotransmitters released by the sympathetic nervous system during heightened activity or danger. As a result, β1-receptors get activated, initiating a series of biochemical processes. Excessive activation of beta receptors due to chronic stress can abnormally increase heart rate and contractility, resulting in high blood pressure or hypertension. To counteract this, β1-blockers...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Types of β-Blockers01:28

Antihypertensive Drugs: Types of β-Blockers

β receptors are classified into three subclasses: β1, β2, and β3. β1 receptors are primarily located in the heart and kidneys. When they get activated, they increase heart rate, contractility, and renin release. This process enhances blood pressure and aids in stress management. In contrast, β2 receptors are situated mainly in the lungs, blood vessels, and skeletal muscles. Upon activation, they trigger smooth muscle relaxation, causing bronchodilation and vasodilation. This widens airways and...
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers01:24

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers

Adrenergic stimulation generally impacts cardiac rate and rhythm. Specifically, stimulation of the β-adrenoceptors triggers an increase in intracellular calcium ion influx and pacemaker currents, which may cause arrhythmias. Catecholamines like adrenaline also demonstrate β2-adrenoceptor-mediated hypokalemia, impacting cardiac action potential and disrupting the normal cardiac rhythm. Class II antiarrhythmic drugs are β-adrenoceptor antagonists or β-blockers, which indirectly block calcium...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators01:23

Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators

Vasodilators, primarily affecting the smooth muscles within arterial and venous walls, are commonly used for hypertension treatment. Medications such as minoxidil and hydralazine primarily target arteries and arterioles, while sodium nitroprusside acts on arterioles and venules. Minoxidil, functioning as a prodrug, is metabolized by hepatic sulfotransferase into its active form, minoxidil sulfate, after oral administration. This metabolite binds to the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) component of...

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Related Experiment Videos

Nebivolol: a new antihypertensive agent.

Charnelda L Gray1, Uche A Ndefo

  • 1Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, Atlanta, GA 30305, USA. charnelda.l.gray@kp.org

American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : AJHP : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
|June 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Nebivolol is a selective beta-blocker that lowers blood pressure by increasing nitric oxide. It is effective for hypertension and heart failure with few side effects.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:

  • Nebivolol is a novel beta-blocker.
  • It exhibits high selectivity for beta(1)-receptors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety, and therapeutic role of nebivolol.
  • To assess its role in managing hypertension and heart failure.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical studies and trials.
  • Analysis of nebivolol's mechanism of action, including nitric oxide pathways.
  • Evaluation of pharmacokinetic and safety data.

Main Results:

  • Nebivolol promotes vasodilation via nitric oxide, reducing vascular resistance and arterial stiffness.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Clinical trials demonstrate its antihypertensive efficacy, comparable to other beta-blockers.
  • Nebivolol reduced mortality and hospitalizations in heart failure patients.
  • Common adverse events include headache, dizziness, and fatigue.

    • Conclusions:

    • Nebivolol is a unique beta-blocker with vasodilatory properties.
    • It is effective for mild-to-moderate essential hypertension and heart failure.
    • Dosage adjustments are necessary for elderly patients and those with renal impairment.