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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
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Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells
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Published on: May 19, 2020

Primary CNS vasculitis with spinal cord involvement.

C Salvarani1, R D Brown, K T Calamia

  • 1Unità Operativa di Reumatologia, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy.

Neurology
|June 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spinal cord involvement in primary CNS vasculitis (PCNSV) affects 5% of patients, predominantly in the thoracic region. Clinical features and outcomes are similar to those without spinal cord issues, despite potential myelopathy.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Primary CNS vasculitis (PCNSV) is a rare condition affecting the brain and spinal cord.
  • Spinal cord involvement in PCNSV is uncommon, necessitating further investigation into its characteristics and outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the frequency of spinal cord involvement in PCNSV.
  • To describe the clinical features and outcomes of PCNSV patients with spinal cord lesions.
  • To compare patients with and without spinal cord involvement.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 101 consecutive PCNSV patients.
  • Assessment of clinical findings, laboratory data, and outcomes for patients with spinal cord involvement.
  • Comparison of patients with and without spinal cord manifestations.

Main Results:

  • Spinal cord involvement was identified in 5% of PCNSV patients (5/101).
  • The thoracic spinal cord was the most frequently affected site.
  • Patients with spinal cord involvement showed similar clinical and laboratory features to those without, except for less frequent vasculitis on cerebral angiograms (p=0.002).
  • Four of five patients had relapses but achieved favorable outcomes with residual disability.

Conclusions:

  • Spinal cord involvement occurs in 5% of PCNSV cases, primarily affecting the thoracic cord.
  • Clinical presentation and outcomes are generally similar to PCNSV without spinal cord involvement, apart from myelopathy.
  • Cerebral angiogram findings suggestive of vasculitis were less common in patients with spinal cord involvement.