Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants
Published on: October 5, 2018
Evaluating conditioning of related and unrelated stimuli using a compound test
1Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA. rescorla@cattell.psych.upenn.edu
Abstract:
Three experiments used a compound test procedure to evaluate whether superior conditioning results from the pairing of stimuli that are related to each other. In each case, a stimulus compound was tested after its component conditioned stimuli (CSs) had been conditioned by the same unconditioned stimuli (USs) arranged such that either related or unrelated CSs and USs were paired. Experiment 1 explored auditory and gustatory stimuli conditioned by LiCl or shock, using rats. Experiments 2 and 3 used second-order conditioning in pigeons to pair stimuli that were similar by virtue either of qualitative features or of shared physical location. In each case, the compound test provided clear evidence that pairing related stimuli produces superior associative learning.
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