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Related Concept Videos

Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
Treatment Resistent Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistent Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
08:34

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

Published on: February 6, 2019

Radiotherapy as primary treatment modality.

M Sia1, T Rosewall, T P Warde

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, and Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ont. , Canada.

Frontiers of Radiation Therapy and Oncology
|June 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Managing prostate cancer requires accurate risk assessment. Radiotherapy is effective for low- and intermediate-risk disease, but optimal use of hormonal therapy and hypofractionation requires further study.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Urologic Oncology

Background:

  • Prostate cancer management relies on risk stratification using PSA, clinical stage, and Gleason score.
  • Radiotherapy is a standard treatment for localized prostate cancer, with outcomes comparable to surgery.
  • Adjuvant hormonal therapy and hypofractionated radiotherapy are areas of ongoing investigation for improving outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current role and future directions of radiotherapy in prostate cancer management.
  • To evaluate the use of adjuvant hormonal therapy in different risk groups.
  • To explore the potential benefits and optimal regimens of hypofractionated radiotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established radiotherapy protocols for prostate cancer.
  • Analysis of existing data on adjuvant hormonal therapy efficacy in various risk categories.
  • Discussion of emerging techniques like hypofractionated radiotherapy and dose escalation.

Main Results:

  • Radiotherapy is effective for low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer.
  • The role of adjuvant hormonal therapy in low-risk disease is unclear; its benefit in intermediate-risk disease needs further evaluation with dose-escalated radiation.
  • Hypofractionated radiotherapy offers potential for improved therapeutic index and reduced treatment time, but optimal regimens are undetermined.

Conclusions:

  • Risk stratification is crucial for appropriate prostate cancer treatment selection.
  • Further research is needed to define the optimal use of hormonal therapy and hypofractionation in radiotherapy for prostate cancer.
  • Standard treatment for high-risk disease involves radiation with hormones, with ongoing questions about hormone duration, dose escalation, and chemotherapy benefits.