Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Transfer RNA Synthesis

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...

Transfer RNA Synthesis

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...

RNA Splicing

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...

RNA Splicing

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Structural basis of Cas8-independent Cas3 recruitment in Type I-F2 CRISPR-Cas.

Nucleic acids research·2026

Same author

Type I-Fv and engineered type IV-A1 CRISPR-Cas effectors facilitate genome reduction in Escherichia coli.

Nucleic acids research·2025

Same author

A web-based atlas for exploring post-transcriptional regulation in the archaeon <i>Sulfolobus acidocaldarius</i>.

mSystems·2025

Same author

TIGR on the loose: A dual-guide RNA system for DNA targeting.

Molecular cell·2025

Same author

Real-time imaging of bacterial colony growth dynamics for cells with Type IV-A1 CRISPR-Cas activity.

microLife·2025

Same author

Visualization of Type IV-A1 CRISPR-mediated repression of gene expression and plasmid replication.

Nucleic acids research·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Practical Aspects of Sample Preparation and Setup of 1H R1ρ Relaxation Dispersion Experiments of RNA

Practical Aspects of Sample Preparation and Setup of ¹H R_1ρ Relaxation Dispersion Experiments of RNA

Published on: July 9, 2021

Transfer RNA genes in pieces.

Lennart Randau¹, Dieter Söll

¹Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, PO Box 208114, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8114, USA.

|June 17, 2008

Summary

Fragmented transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, essential for protein synthesis, are surprisingly common. This study explores fragmented tRNA gene types and the role of mobile genetic elements in their fragmentation.

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Biochemistry

Background:

Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules are crucial for protein biosynthesis.
tRNA genes are typically conserved in sequence and structure.
The existence of fragmented tRNA genes, requiring processing, is unexpected.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of diverse fragmented tRNA gene types.
To investigate the hypothesis linking mobile genetic elements to tRNA gene fragmentation.
To understand the evolutionary origins of fragmented tRNA genes.

Main Methods:

Literature review of fragmented tRNA gene research.
Analysis of existing data on tRNA gene organization.
Examination of mobile genetic element integration events.

More Related Videos

RNA Interference in Aquatic Beetles as a Powerful Tool for Manipulating Gene Expression at Specific Developmental Time Points

RNA Interference in Aquatic Beetles as a Powerful Tool for Manipulating Gene Expression at Specific Developmental Time Points

Published on: May 29, 2020

Generation of RNA/DNA Hybrids in Genomic DNA by Transformation using RNA-containing Oligonucleotides

Generation of RNA/DNA Hybrids in Genomic DNA by Transformation using RNA-containing Oligonucleotides

Published on: November 24, 2010

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Practical Aspects of Sample Preparation and Setup of 1H R1ρ Relaxation Dispersion Experiments of RNA

Practical Aspects of Sample Preparation and Setup of ¹H R_1ρ Relaxation Dispersion Experiments of RNA

Published on: July 9, 2021

RNA Interference in Aquatic Beetles as a Powerful Tool for Manipulating Gene Expression at Specific Developmental Time Points

RNA Interference in Aquatic Beetles as a Powerful Tool for Manipulating Gene Expression at Specific Developmental Time Points

Published on: May 29, 2020

Generation of RNA/DNA Hybrids in Genomic DNA by Transformation using RNA-containing Oligonucleotides

Generation of RNA/DNA Hybrids in Genomic DNA by Transformation using RNA-containing Oligonucleotides

Published on: November 24, 2010

Main Results:

Identified various types of fragmented tRNA genes, including split and permuted forms.
Observed a correlation between mobile genetic elements and fragmented tRNA genes.
Provided evidence supporting the hypothesis of mobile element-mediated fragmentation.

Conclusions:

Fragmented tRNA genes represent a significant deviation from typical gene organization.
Mobile genetic elements likely played a key role in the evolution of fragmented tRNA genes.
Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms of tRNA gene fragmentation.