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Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Obstructive sleep apnea in children: implications for the developing central nervous system.

David Gozal1

  • 1Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. david.gozal@louisville.edu

Seminars in Pediatric Neurology
|June 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is increasingly recognized. This review explores its causes, psychobehavioral effects, and links to central nervous system issues, highlighting the impact of hypoxia and sleep fragmentation.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Sleep Medicine
  • Neurology
  • Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • Growing awareness of high prevalence of sleep disorders in children.
  • Particular focus on sleep-disordered breathing and its impact.
  • Need to understand pathophysiological mechanisms and consequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Elaborate on pathogenetic elements of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
  • Focus on psychobehavioral consequences of pediatric OSA.
  • Review mechanisms linking CNS morbidity with OSA characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on pediatric OSA.
  • Analysis of pathogenetic factors contributing to OSA.
  • Examination of psychobehavioral outcomes and neurological associations.

Main Results:

  • Identified key pathogenetic elements contributing to pediatric OSA.
  • Detailed the significant psychobehavioral consequences in affected children.
  • Reviewed evidence supporting links between OSA, hypoxia, sleep fragmentation, and CNS morbidity.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric OSA has identifiable causes and significant psychobehavioral impacts.
  • Episodic hypoxia and sleep fragmentation in OSA are closely associated with central nervous system morbidity.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate these complex relationships.