Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 4, 2026
07:29
Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein
Published on: October 12, 2017
LIPID abnormalities in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus
1Endocrinology Division, Olive View-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Sylmar, California 91342, USA. nmikhail@ladhs.org
Summary
Lipid abnormalities are common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and can be worsened by antiretroviral therapy. Monitoring and managing dyslipidemia in HIV patients is crucial, often requiring statins with careful consideration of drug interactions.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Infectious Diseases
- Cardiology
Background:
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with significant lipid abnormalities.
- Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can exacerbate or alter lipid profiles, contributing to cardiovascular risk.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the types, mechanisms, clinical implications, and management of lipid abnormalities in HIV-infected individuals.
- To understand the impact of ART on lipid profiles and associated cardiovascular risks.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive literature review of MEDLINE, endocrinology textbooks, and cross-references (1985-2008).
- Inclusion of clinical trials, animal studies, in vitro studies, case reports, reviews, and guidelines.
Main Results:
- HIV infection is linked to low total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and elevated triglycerides.
- Protease inhibitors may increase myocardial infarction risk, partly due to dyslipidemia.
- Management often follows general population guidelines but can be complex due to drug interactions.
Conclusions:
- Regular lipid monitoring is essential for all HIV patients before and during ART.
- Statins are typically the first-line treatment for dyslipidemia in HIV.
- Careful consideration of drug interactions between statins and ART is critical for safe and effective management.
Related Concept Videos
01:25Immunodeficiency Diseases
Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
01:26Sexually Transmitted Infections
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
01:29Pulmonary Tuberculosis I
Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
01:10Retrovirus Life Cycles
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
01:27Cryptococcal Meningitis
Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
01:20Lipid-Lowering Drugs: Statins and Miscellaneous Agents
Hyperlipidemia, a medical condition often referred to as high cholesterol, is characterized by abnormally elevated levels of lipids in the bloodstream. When present in excess, these lipids, specifically cholesterol and triglycerides, can lead to serious health complications, often involving cardiovascular diseases. Illnesses like atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and pancreatitis have all been linked to untreated hyperlipidemia. This means controlling and regulating cholesterol and triglyceride...