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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the progression...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Inhaled Medications01:23

Inhaled Medications

Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:

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Disposable Dosators for Pulmonary Insufflation of Therapeutic Agents to Small Animals
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Spray drying TB vaccines for pulmonary administration.

P B Fourie1, W A Germishuizen, Y-L Wong

  • 1Chief Scientific Officer Medicine in Need (Mend), MRC Building, PO Box 12660, Queenswood, 0121 Pretoria, South Africa. bfourie@medicineinneed.org

Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
|June 21, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Spray-drying Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) offers an innovative method for tuberculosis (TB) vaccine aerosol delivery to the lungs. This cost-effective and scalable technique shows promise for future vaccine development and inhalation therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials science innovations enabling novel immunization strategies.
  • Biotechnology advancements in vaccine formulation and delivery.

Background:

  • Mucosal immunization against tuberculosis (TB) is advancing with new materials science technologies.
  • Spray-drying Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) facilitates efficient aerosolized delivery of TB vaccines to the lungs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the powder formulation of BCG for spray-drying and inhalation.
  • To explore the potential application of this technology to other vaccines.
  • To address challenges in spray-drying process, formulation, and aerosol delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current spray-drying and aerosol delivery technologies.
  • Application of spray-drying for preparing an inhaled BCG TB vaccine.
  • Assessment of physical properties, viability, stability, and delivery characteristics of the vaccine powder.

Main Results:

  • Spray-drying produces powders with superior dispersion properties.
  • The powders are suitable for targeted delivery to the deep lung.
  • Inhaled TB vaccine preparation via spray-drying is demonstrated as feasible.

Conclusions:

  • Spray-drying is a viable, low-cost, and pharmaceutically scalable method for producing inhaled TB vaccines.
  • This technology holds potential for developing other inhaled vaccines.
  • Optimized powder formulation enhances vaccine efficacy through targeted lung delivery.