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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...

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Regulatory T cells: Therapeutic Potential for Treating Transplant Rejection and Type I Diabetes
16:26

Regulatory T cells: Therapeutic Potential for Treating Transplant Rejection and Type I Diabetes

Published on: August 20, 2007

How regulatory T cells work.

Dario A A Vignali1, Lauren W Collison, Creg J Workman

  • 1Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794, USA. dario.vignali@stjude.org

Nature Reviews. Immunology
|June 21, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regulatory T (T(Reg)) cells balance immune tolerance and suppression. This review explores T(Reg) mechanisms and suggests effector T cells may enhance T(Reg) function.

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Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
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Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Regulatory T (T(Reg)) cells are crucial for immune homeostasis, preventing autoimmunity and chronic inflammation.
  • However, T(Reg) cells also suppress beneficial immune responses, including anti-tumor and anti-microbial immunity.
  • The dual role of T(Reg) cells necessitates a deep understanding of their suppressive mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental mechanisms by which T(Reg) cells exert suppression.
  • To evaluate the relative importance of different suppressive mechanisms for T(Reg) cell function.
  • To propose a novel hypothesis regarding the role of effector T cells in potentiating T(Reg) cell activity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on T(Reg) cell function and mechanisms.
  • Analysis of proposed suppressive pathways utilized by T(Reg) cells.
  • Hypothetical modeling of T(Reg)-effector T cell interactions.

Main Results:

  • T(Reg) cells employ diverse mechanisms to mediate immune suppression.
  • The relative contribution of each mechanism to overall T(Reg) function remains an active area of investigation.
  • Evidence suggests that effector T cells may actively participate in, rather than merely being targets of, T(Reg)-mediated suppression.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding T(Reg) cell suppressive mechanisms is key to harnessing their therapeutic potential.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise roles of various suppressive pathways.
  • The proposed interaction between effector T cells and T(Reg) cells warrants experimental validation and opens new avenues for immunomodulation.