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Related Concept Videos

Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

A 3D Organotypic Melanoma Spheroid Skin Model
08:49

A 3D Organotypic Melanoma Spheroid Skin Model

Published on: May 18, 2018

Extracutaneous malignant melanomas.

Mahmoud R Hussein1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University Hospitals, Assuit, Egypt. mrh17@swissinfo.org

Cancer Investigation
|June 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extracutaneous malignant melanomas are rare, aggressive cancers outside the skin with poor prognoses. Immunohistochemistry aids in distinguishing these challenging tumors from other malignancies.

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

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Spatial and Temporal Control of Murine Melanoma Initiation from Mutant Melanocyte Stem Cells
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Injection of Syngeneic Murine Melanoma Cells to Determine Their Metastatic Potential in the Lungs
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Injection of Syngeneic Murine Melanoma Cells to Determine Their Metastatic Potential in the Lungs

Published on: May 24, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pathology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Extracutaneous malignant melanomas (ECMMs) are rare, accounting for 4-5% of all primary melanomas.
  • These tumors present unique diagnostic challenges and have a generally poor prognosis.
  • Existing literature lacks comprehensive side-by-side analyses, hindering a full understanding of their diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a literature review on extracutaneous malignant melanomas.
  • To present cases encountered in surgical and molecular pathology practice.
  • To highlight diagnostic considerations and immunohistochemical markers for ECMMs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of extracutaneous malignant melanomas.
  • Case series analysis from 15 years of pathology practice.
  • Review of diagnostic criteria, including histological and immunohistochemical features.

Main Results:

  • ECMMs are rare, aggressive, and associated with grim outcomes.
  • They occur in various non-skin sites, including ocular, mucosal, and leptomeningeal locations.
  • Development is not linked to sun exposure, family history, or precursor nevi.
  • Distinguishing ECMMs from other undifferentiated neoplasms is critical.
  • Immunohistochemistry (S100, HMB45, vimentin) is crucial for diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • ECMMs require consideration in the differential diagnosis of undifferentiated neoplasms.
  • Specific histological patterns (eosinophilic nucleoli, mixed cell types) suggest melanoma.
  • Immunohistochemistry is essential for accurate diagnosis and prognosis.