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Related Concept Videos

Genetic Screens02:46

Genetic Screens

Genetic screens are tools used to identify genes and mutations responsible for phenotypes of interest. Genetic screens help identify individuals or a group of people at risk of developing  genetic diseases and help them with early intervention, targeted therapy, and reproductive options.
Forward genetic screens
Forward or “classical” genetic screens involve creating random mutations in an organism’s DNA using radiation, mutagens, or insertion of additional bases, which result in visible changes...
Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions
07:34

The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions

Published on: February 16, 2017

The sea urchin genome as a window on function.

Stefan C Materna1, R Andrew Cameron

  • 1Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, USA.

The Biological Bulletin
|June 25, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genome sequencing offers insights into organismal biology. Analyzing the purple sea urchin

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Genome sequencing projects often focus on the sequence itself, rather than its biological implications.
  • Understanding the functional capacity of an organism requires detailed analysis of its predicted gene set.
  • The purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) serves as a model organism for studying fundamental biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the biological functions encoded within the genome of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
  • To reveal novel insights into the sea urchin's innate immune system, sensory functions, and embryonic development.
  • To demonstrate how genome annotation can uncover unexpected biological complexities.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis of the Strongylocentrotus purpuratus genome.
  • Gene annotation to identify predicted genes and their potential functions.
  • Comparative genomics and functional prediction based on gene families.

Main Results:

  • The annotated gene complement revealed surprising features of the sea urchin's innate immune system.
  • Genes encoding sensory proteins suggest a more complex sensory apparatus than previously understood.
  • The regulatory gene network governing embryogenesis appears remarkably intricate.

Conclusions:

  • Genome annotation is a crucial step for understanding organismal biology beyond mere sequence data.
  • The purple sea urchin possesses sophisticated innate immunity, sensory perception, and developmental regulation.
  • This study highlights the power of genomic analysis to uncover unexpected biological complexity in model organisms.