Clinical approach for evaluating dogs with azoospermia or aspermia

There are various causes for azoospermia and aspermia in dogs. Unfortunately, even when the site and cause of infertility are determined, reversing the disorder may be difficult. As new information are gathered on the maturation of canine spermatozoa, testicular immunity, microsurgical techniques for anastomosing occluded ducts, and the physiologic control of testicular and ejaculatory function, however, new therapies might be developed to prevent or reverse azoospermia and aspermia.