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Emergence of Echinococcus multilocularis among Red Foxes in northern Germany, 1991--2005.

Olaf Berke1, Thomas Romig, Michael von Keyserlingk

  • 1Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 4C3, Canada. oberke@uoguelph.ca

Veterinary Parasitology
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Summary

The parasite Echinococcus multilocularis is spreading in European red foxes, with prevalence increasing significantly in Lower Saxony, Germany. This study reveals a steady emergence of this parasite in foxes, correlating with recent human cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Parasitology
  • Spatial Epidemiology
  • One Health

Background:

  • Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) poses a growing public health concern in Europe due to its expanding range.
  • Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are a primary definitive host for E. multilocularis, influencing parasite transmission dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spatiotemporal distribution and prevalence trends of E. multilocularis in red foxes in Lower Saxony, Germany.
  • To identify disease clusters and assess the emergence of E. multilocularis infection in the fox population.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 8459 fox samples across 43 regions from 1991-2005, divided into three periods.
  • Application of geostatistical methods including empirical Bayesian smoothing, kriging for prevalence risk mapping, and spatial scan statistics for cluster detection.
  • Spatiotemporal trend analysis using geostatistical modeling of prevalence differences between study periods.

Main Results:

  • Average E. multilocularis prevalence risk in Lower Saxony red foxes increased from approximately 12% to 20% between 1991 and 2005.
  • Significant increases in prevalence were observed across study periods: 3.3% (1994-1997) and 8.5% (2003-2005).
  • Infections exhibited spatial clustering, with a stable disease cluster identified in the southern part of the province.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first evidence of the steady emergence of Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes in Lower Saxony.
  • The observed increase in fox infections highlights a potential rise in transmission risk, coinciding with recent reports of human Alveolar Echinococcosis.