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Reaction Yield

Reaction Yield

The theoretical yield of a reaction is the amount of product estimated to form based on the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation. The theoretical yield assumes the complete conversion of the limiting reactant into the desired product. The amount of product that is obtained by performing the reaction is called the actual yield, and it may be less than or (very rarely) equal to the theoretical yield.

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Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides

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Estimating cell and product yields.

¹Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, EG&G Idaho, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, USA.

Biotechnology and Bioengineering

|January 15, 1989

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study rederives general balance equations for cell growth and product formation, extending the Y(ATP) concept to products. It establishes theoretical yield limitations and bounds for various product types in bioprocesses.

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Area of Science:

Biochemical Engineering
Microbial Physiology
Metabolic Engineering

Background:

Cellular metabolism involves complex balances of carbon, reduction potential, and energy.
Understanding theoretical yield limitations is crucial for optimizing bioprocesses and product formation.

Purpose of the Study:

To rederive general balance equations for carbon, reduction potential, and energy during cell growth and product formation.
To extend the concept of Y(ATP) to complex products and analyze theoretical yield limitations for different product types.

Main Methods:

General derivation of balance equations for carbon, reduction potential, and energy.
Extension of the Y(ATP) concept to treat cells and products.
Analysis of theoretical yield limitations based on energy and reduction constraints.

Main Results:

Theoretical yield limitations are identified for different product types, including carbon-limited, energy-limited, and reduction-limited scenarios.
A maximum yield is defined for products more oxidized than the substrate, considering energy balance violations.
For reduced complex products, yield on electrons is linked to Y(ATP), P/O ratio, and product composition.

Conclusions:

The study provides a generalized framework for understanding theoretical yields in bioprocesses.
Narrow bounds on actual yields in anaerobic fermentations are established, with implications for linear growth equations.
The findings offer insights into optimizing microbial production of various compounds.