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01:27Panic Disorder
Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
01:30Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic condition characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for at least six months, significantly interfering with daily functioning. Unlike situational anxiety, which arises in response to specific stressors, GAD often occurs without a clear cause. Individuals may experience disproportionate worry about work, health, or relationships. For instance, a person might continuously fear poor health despite normal medical evaluations or...
01:18Anxiety: Overview
Anxiety is a common mental disorder featuring excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, significantly affecting daily life. People with anxiety disorders experience persistent and intense anxiety, interrupting their everyday functioning.
Individuals with anxiety often experience a range of physical and emotional symptoms, including sweating, trembling, tachycardia, and disturbances in sleep patterns. These symptoms vary in intensity and frequency but are generally disruptive and distressing.
Individuals with anxiety often experience a range of physical and emotional symptoms, including sweating, trembling, tachycardia, and disturbances in sleep patterns. These symptoms vary in intensity and frequency but are generally disruptive and distressing.
01:14Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory
The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the cerebellum's...
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Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 4, 2026
06:26
Meta-analysis of Voxel-Based Neuroimaging Studies using Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images (SDM-PSI)
Published on: November 27, 2019
Anterior cingulate cortex volume reduction in patients with panic disorder.
Takeshi Asami1, Fumi Hayano, Motoaki Nakamura
1Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
|July 1, 2008
Summary
Structural abnormalities in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are linked to panic disorder. This study found reduced volume in the right dorsal ACC, suggesting a role in panic disorder pathophysiology.
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Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Psychiatry
- Neuroimaging
Background:
- Functional neuroimaging studies indicate the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is implicated in panic disorder.
- Previous research highlights the ACC's role in panic disorder symptoms and emotional task responses.
- No prior studies have investigated volumetric changes in the ACC or its subregions in panic disorder.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate structural abnormalities in the ACC and its subregions in individuals with panic disorder.
- To determine if volumetric differences exist in specific ACC subregions between patients with panic disorder and healthy controls.
Main Methods:
- Employed a combination of region of interest (ROI) and optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) techniques.
- Analyzed brain scans from 26 patients with panic disorder and 26 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects.
- Divided the ACC into four subregions for detailed volumetric analysis: dorsal, rostral, subcallosal, and subgenual.
Main Results:
- Manual ROI analysis revealed a significant reduction in the volume of the right dorsal ACC.
- Optimized VBM analysis also indicated volume reduction in the right dorsal ACC.
- VBM further identified volume reduction in a portion of the rostral ACC, appearing as a combined area.
Conclusions:
- Both manual ROI tracing and VBM methods consistently suggest a subregion-specific pattern of ACC volume deficit in panic disorder.
- These findings indicate that structural abnormalities of the ACC, alongside functional changes, contribute to the pathophysiology of panic disorder.