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Related Concept Videos

Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance01:25

Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within the One...
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA01:25

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and acquisition...
Development of Antibiotic Resistance01:30

Development of Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Antimicrobial Synergy Testing by the Inkjet Printer-assisted Automated Checkerboard Array and the Manual Time-kill Method
12:03

Antimicrobial Synergy Testing by the Inkjet Printer-assisted Automated Checkerboard Array and the Manual Time-kill Method

Published on: April 18, 2019

Clinically significant carbapenemases: an update.

Timothy R Walsh1

  • 1Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park Hospital, Cardiff, UK. WalshTR@Cardiff.ac.uk

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
|July 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Carbapenem resistance is increasing in clinical isolates, with VIM-2 dominating Pseudomonas aeruginosa and KPC/Guiana carbapenemases emerging in Enterobacteriaceae. Therapeutic options remain limited, posing a significant challenge.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Antimicrobial Synergy Testing by the Inkjet Printer-assisted Automated Checkerboard Array and the Manual Time-kill Method
12:03

Antimicrobial Synergy Testing by the Inkjet Printer-assisted Automated Checkerboard Array and the Manual Time-kill Method

Published on: April 18, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Carbapenem resistance is a growing global health threat.
  • Understanding the epidemiology, mechanisms, and genetics of carbapenem resistance is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent studies on carbapenem resistance in clinical isolates.
  • To summarize findings on epidemiology, mechanisms of action, and genetic factors.
  • To highlight the limited therapeutic options.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies published in the last 18 months.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data on carbapenem-resistant organisms.
  • Examination of molecular mechanisms, including enzyme structures and genetic factors.

Main Results:

  • VIM-2 metallo-beta-lactamase is dominant in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including cystic fibrosis strains.
  • KPC and Guiana carbapenemases are increasing in Enterobacteriaceae; KPC-2 found in P. aeruginosa.
  • Class D carbapenemases (e.g., OXA-23) are mainly in Acinetobacter baumannii, with potential interspecies transfer.
  • Crystal structures of KPC-2, GES-1, and OXA-24 provide insights into carbapenem hydrolysis.
  • Limited therapeutic options exist; tigecycline has activity against carbapenemase-positive Enterobacteriaceae, but combinations are needed for Acinetobacter and P. aeruginosa.

Conclusions:

  • Carbapenem resistance is increasing in number and spreading to new species/strain types.
  • Therapeutic options for carbapenem-resistant infections are inadequate.
  • The challenge of carbapenem resistance is expected to persist.