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Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations03:18

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
A nuclide of an element has a specific number of protons and...
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Types of Radioactivity

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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
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Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity01:25

Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity

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Measuring Fluxes of Mineral Nutrients and Toxicants in Plants with Radioactive Tracers
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Measuring Fluxes of Mineral Nutrients and Toxicants in Plants with Radioactive Tracers

Published on: August 22, 2014

Environmental radioactivity studies and regulatory issues.

I L Abalkina1, A A Sarkisov, I I Linge

  • 1Nuclear Safety Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBRAE RAS), B. Tulskaya Street 52, Moscow, 115191 Russian Federation. abalkina@ibrae.ac.ru

Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine
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PubMed
Summary

Russia

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Policy Studies

Background:

  • Russia has established regulations for radioactive contamination zones over recent decades.
  • Some current regulatory strategies are ineffective and contradictory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze problems with existing radioactive contamination regulations in Russia.
  • To propose improved regulatory approaches for the future.

Main Methods:

  • Case study analysis of specific situations.
  • Review of existing Russian regulations on radioactive contamination.

Main Results:

  • Identified ineffectiveness and contradictions in current regulatory frameworks.
  • Highlighted specific problematic scenarios resulting from current regulations.

Conclusions:

  • Current Russian regulations for radioactive contamination require significant revision.
  • A more effective and coherent regulatory strategy is needed for managing contaminated territories.