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Related Concept Videos

Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
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The Two-State Receptor Model01:29

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The two-state receptor model explains a drug's interaction with receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors and ligand-gated ion channels, to induce or inhibit a biological response. When no natural ligands are present, a receptor exists in an equilibrium of inactive (Ri) and active (Ra) conformations. The inactive form does not produce a response, while the active form generates a basal effect known as constitutive activity.
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinases01:26

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Receptor tyrosine kinases or RTKs are membrane-bound receptors that phosphorylate specific tyrosine on protein substrates. RTKs regulate cellular growth, differentiation, survival, and migration. They contain an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytosolic tail with intrinsic kinase activity. Several extracellular signaling molecules activate RTKs in one or more ways and relay the signal downstream. Ligands such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 18, 2026

Streamlined Single Cell TCR Isolation and Generation of Retroviral Vectors for In Vitro and In Vivo Expression of Human TCRs
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Recombinant TRAIL and TRAIL receptor analysis.

Nicholas Harper1, Marion MacFarlane

  • 1MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.

Methods in Enzymology
|July 8, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) selectively kills tumor cells with minimal toxicity, showing promise as an anti-cancer therapy. Research focuses on TRAIL receptor signaling for therapeutic development.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Death receptors, part of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), activate the extrinsic apoptosis pathway.
  • TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) is a key death receptor ligand with selective tumor cell toxicity.
  • TRAIL receptors (TRAIL-R1 to -R4) mediate TRAIL signaling, with TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 being death receptors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe methods for producing and labeling recombinant TRAIL for research.
  • To investigate TRAIL signaling pathways and receptor complex formation.
  • To facilitate further characterization of TRAIL/TRAIL-Receptor regulation and signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Production of recombinant TRAIL in E. coli.

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  • Labeling of recombinant TRAIL with biotin or fluorochromes.
  • Utilizing labeled TRAIL to study cell surface receptor levels and death receptor complex composition.

    • Main Results:

    • Recombinant TRAIL can be effectively produced and labeled for experimental use.
    • The methods allow for detailed analysis of TRAIL binding and signaling.
    • Direct binding and functional assays provide powerful tools for TRAIL research.

    Conclusions:

    • TRAIL exhibits selective toxicity towards tumor cells, with minimal in vivo toxicity, particularly hepatotoxicity.
    • TRAIL is a promising candidate for anti-tumor therapeutic development.
    • The described methods aid in understanding TRAIL/TRAIL-Receptor signaling and regulation.