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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...

Mechanism of heat transfer

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...

Heating and Cooling Curves

Heating and Cooling Curves

When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.

Decreased Body Temperature

Decreased Body Temperature

A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by sustained extreme cold exposure, and severe...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Custom-designed Laser-based Heating Apparatus for Triggered Release of Cisplatin from Thermosensitive Liposomes with Magnetic Resonance Image Guidance

Custom-designed Laser-based Heating Apparatus for Triggered Release of Cisplatin from Thermosensitive Liposomes with Magnetic Resonance Image Guidance

Published on: December 13, 2015

Heating applicator based on reentrant cavity with optimized local heating characteristics.

Y Ishihara¹, Y Kameyama, Y Minegishi

¹Department of Electrical Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan. ishihara@vos.nagaokaut.ac.jp

International Journal of Hyperthermia : the Official Journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group

|July 9, 2008

Summary

Optimizing a reentrant cavity applicator using the Taguchi method enhances localized heating for small tumors. This approach precisely controls the electric field distribution, improving treatment safety and effectiveness.

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Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Custom-designed Laser-based Heating Apparatus for Triggered Release of Cisplatin from Thermosensitive Liposomes with Magnetic Resonance Image Guidance

Custom-designed Laser-based Heating Apparatus for Triggered Release of Cisplatin from Thermosensitive Liposomes with Magnetic Resonance Image Guidance

Published on: December 13, 2015

A Computational Modeling Approach to Investigate the Influence of Hyperthermia on the Tumor Microenvironment

A Computational Modeling Approach to Investigate the Influence of Hyperthermia on the Tumor Microenvironment

Published on: December 1, 2023

Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns

Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns

Published on: April 10, 2017

Area of Science:

Electromagnetic field theory
Biomedical engineering
Medical physics

Background:

Reentrant cavities offer localized heating via concentrated electric fields.
Current methods are insufficient for treating small, localized head and neck tumors.
Enhanced electric field localization is crucial for safe and effective lesion treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

To optimize a reentrant cavity applicator for more localized electric field distribution.
To improve the precision of localized heating for small tumors.
To enhance the safety and efficacy of tumor treatment in the head and neck region.

Main Methods:

Utilized the Taguchi method to optimize four key applicator parameters: height, outer diameter, reentrant diameter, and reentrant gap size.
Employed the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to assess heating characteristics variation due to object size.
Analyzed electromagnetic field distributions using the three-dimensional finite element method in cylindrical and oblate sphere phantoms.
Evaluated the full width at half height (FWHH) of the specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution.

Main Results:

The optimized applicator achieved maximum SNR and minimum mean FWHH.
The heating region size was determined to be 60 mm radially and 80 mm axially.
The Taguchi method effectively localized the heating region.

Conclusions:

The Taguchi method enables robust and optimal localization of the heating region.
Considering variations in heating object size is vital for precise treatment.
This optimized applicator design shows promise for targeted tumor therapy.