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Related Concept Videos

Echo01:06

Echo

The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case, then the...
Sound Intensity00:58

Sound Intensity

The loudness of a sound source is related to how energetically the source is vibrating, consequently making the molecules of the propagation medium vibrate. To measure the loudness of a source, the physical quantity of interest is the intensity. This is defined as the energy emitted per unit of time per unit of area perpendicular to the sound wave's propagation direction. Since the total energy is greater if the source vibrates for a longer duration and over a larger area, dividing the emitted...
Sound Intensity Level00:53

Sound Intensity Level

Humans perceive sound by hearing. The human ear helps sound waves reach the brain, which then interprets the waves and creates the perception of hearing. The loudness of the environment in which a person is located determines whether they can distinguish between different sound sources.
The human ear can perceive an extensive range of sound intensity, necessitating the use of the logarithmic scale to define a physical quantity—the intensity level. It is a ratio of two intensities and hence a...
Interference: Path Lengths01:10

Interference: Path Lengths

Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
Two special sources may be considered when they are in phase. This can be easily achieved by feeding the two sources from the same source. An example would be synchronizing the two speakers by feeding them with the same source, such as the sound waves produced by a tuning fork. This setup ensures that the two sources have the same frequency and are...
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

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An Automated System for Sound Localization Testing in Hearing-Impaired Listeners
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Sound-intensity-dependent compensation for the small interaural time difference cue for sound source localization.

Eri Nishino1, Rei Yamada, Hiroshi Kuba

  • 1Departments of Physiology and Morphological Brain Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|July 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Chicken neurons compensate for small interaural time difference (ITD) cues in low-frequency sounds. This sound intensity-dependent inhibition, originating from the superior olivary nucleus (SON), sharpens sound localization in young chickens.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Processing
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Interaural time difference (ITD) is crucial for sound localization.
  • Small head size in animals leads to reduced ITDs, challenging low-frequency sound detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate a sound intensity-dependent mechanism for ITD cue compensation in chicken nucleus laminaris (NL) neurons.
  • Determine the role of the superior olivary nucleus (SON) in this compensation.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo single-unit recordings in chicken NL neurons (3-29 days post-hatching).
  • Simulations to confirm hypothesized compensation mechanisms.
  • Electrolytic lesions of the SON to assess its necessity.

Main Results:

  • Low-frequency (<1 kHz) NL neurons showed enhanced ITD tuning contrast via suppression at the worst ITD and increased firing at the best ITD with rising sound intensity.
  • Middle and high-frequency (> or =1 kHz) NL neurons exhibited weak level-dependent suppression.
  • SON activation was essential for low-frequency ITD tuning suppression; lesions eliminated this effect.

Conclusions:

  • A sound-intensity-dependent inhibitory mechanism from the SON compensates for small ITD cues in low-frequency sounds in chickens.
  • This compensation sharpens sound localization abilities, particularly in young animals.
  • Frequency-dependent suppression in NL neurons is mediated by dense SON projections.