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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...
Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same frequency...
Problem-Solving: Tuning of a Guitar String01:04

Problem-Solving: Tuning of a Guitar String

In the case of stringed instruments like the guitar, the elastic property that determines the speed of the sound produced is its linear mass density or the mass per unit length. This is simply called the linear density. If the string's linear density is constant along the string, then the linear density is simply the total mass divided by the total length.
The string's wave speed can be regulated by varying the linear density. Tension is the other property that determines the speed of...

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Increasing the effective use of high-frequency spectrum tinnitus therapy.

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The role of the insula cortex in the final common pathway for tinnitus: experience using ultra-high-frequency therapy.

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Bone-conduction propagation in the human body: implications for high-frequency therapy.

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Related Experiment Video

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A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training
07:05

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Published on: August 24, 2017

Tinnitus: a philosophical problem.

Martin L Lenhardt1

  • 1Ceres Biotechnology, LLC, Richmond, Virginia, USA. lenhardt@vcu.edu

The International Tinnitus Journal
|July 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary

A comprehensive theory of tinnitus is emerging, integrating anatomical, physiological, and metabolic factors. Understanding individual biosusceptibility and utilizing tinnitus modeling are crucial for developing effective treatments.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Otolaryngology
  • Medical Physiology

Background:

  • Tinnitus research is advancing, identifying key anatomical, physiological, and metabolic properties.
  • A comprehensive theory of tinnitus is beginning to emerge from these findings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the key elements of a comprehensive tinnitus theory and their interactions.
  • To highlight areas needing further investigation, such as individual biosusceptibility.
  • To introduce the final common pathway (FCP) as a unifying principle for tinnitus diagnosis and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing anatomical, physiological, and metabolic data on tinnitus.
  • Conceptual modeling of tinnitus mechanisms.
  • Application of the final common pathway (FCP) principle.

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A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents

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Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique
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Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

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A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training
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A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents

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Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique
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Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

Published on: September 7, 2022

Main Results:

  • Identification of key interacting elements in tinnitus pathophysiology.
  • Recognition of the need for detailed individual biosusceptibility data.
  • Demonstration of tinnitus modeling's utility for treatment development.

Conclusions:

  • A unifying theory of tinnitus is emerging, integrating diverse biological properties.
  • The final common pathway (FCP) offers a valuable framework for understanding and managing tinnitus.
  • Further research into biosusceptibility and predictive modeling is essential for personalized tinnitus therapies.