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Cells of the Epidermis

Cells of the Epidermis

The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular cells,...

Layers of the Epidermis

Layers of the Epidermis

The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
Stratum Basale
Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...

Surface Membrane Barriers

Surface Membrane Barriers

The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own EpiSCs...

Papillary Dermis

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...

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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale

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Published on: May 28, 2021

The epidermal barrier in atopic dermatitis.

Jeffrey L Sugarman¹

¹Departments of Dermatology and Family Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. pediderm@yahoo.com

Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery

|July 16, 2008

Summary

Abnormal epidermal barrier function is central to atopic dermatitis (AD). Emerging evidence suggests barrier defects, not immune issues, primarily drive AD

Area of Science:

Dermatology
Immunology
Epidermal Biology

Background:

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by impaired epidermal barrier function.
A key debate in AD research concerns whether barrier defects are primary or secondary to immune dysregulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the hypothesis that primary epidermal barrier abnormalities are the main driver of AD's clinical and physiological manifestations.
To highlight the implications of understanding epidermal barrier biology for developing new AD therapies.

Main Methods:

Review of recent evidence and scientific literature.
Analysis of the relationship between epidermal barrier biology and AD clinical presentation.

Main Results:

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Isolation and Culture of Primary Mouse Keratinocytes from Neonatal and Adult Mouse Skin

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Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach

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Isolation and Culture of Primary Mouse Keratinocytes from Neonatal and Adult Mouse Skin

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Growing evidence supports the hypothesis that primary epidermal barrier abnormalities are the main cause of AD.

Understanding epidermal barrier biology is crucial for AD management.

Conclusions:

Primary epidermal barrier defects are increasingly recognized as the principal cause of atopic dermatitis.
Advances in epidermal barrier research offer promising avenues for novel therapeutic strategies in AD management.