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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
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Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum01:26

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm, divided into an anterior urogenital triangle that contains the external genitals and a posterior anal triangle housing the anus. The urogenital...
Autonomic Nervous System: Overview01:26

Autonomic Nervous System: Overview

The human nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS contains nerve cells, clusters of nerve cells, and the sensory receptors that are outside the CNS. The PNS has two types of nerve cells: sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent). Sensory cells send signals to the CNS from receptors, and motor cells carry signals from the CNS to organs, muscles, and...
Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:20

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Dissection of Pelvic Autonomic Ganglia and Associated Nerves in Male and Female Rats
09:48

Dissection of Pelvic Autonomic Ganglia and Associated Nerves in Male and Female Rats

Published on: March 7, 2020

The periprostatic autonomic nerves--bundle or layer?

Karl-Dietrich Sievert1, Jörg Hennenlotter, Ines Laible

  • 1Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. karl.sievert@med.uni-tuebingen.de

European Urology
|July 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding autonomic nerve distribution is key for nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy (RP). This study mapped nerves across the entire prostate, revealing most are posterolateral, with significant anterior and anterolateral presence, guiding surgical preservation efforts.

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Retzius-Sparing Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy
12:10

Retzius-Sparing Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy

Published on: May 19, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Surgical Anatomy
  • Nerve Preservation

Background:

  • Functional outcomes in nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy (RP) rely on detailed knowledge of autonomic nerve distribution relative to the prostate.
  • Existing research has primarily focused on the anterior prostate, leaving gaps in understanding overall nerve topography.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively evaluate autonomic nerve distribution throughout the entire prostate using a two-dimensional mapping approach.
  • To provide detailed anatomical data to enhance surgical planning and nerve preservation techniques during radical prostatectomy.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 77 whole-mounted serial sections from 17 non-nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy specimens.
  • Immunohistochemical staining with PGP9.5 to identify and quantify extracapsular nerves.
  • Prostate sections were systematically divided into 12 sectors across three levels (apex, mid-part, base) and four courses (anterior, anterolateral, posterolateral, posterior).

Main Results:

  • Approximately two-thirds of identified nerves were located in the posterolateral sectors.
  • The anterior and anterolateral sectors contained a significant proportion of nerves (26.3% and 27.0%, respectively).
  • Nerve density varied by location: decreasing anterolaterally from base to apex, increasing posteriorly, and peaking in the anterior mid-prostate.

Conclusions:

  • PGP9.5 staining effectively visualizes extracapsular nerve distribution but does not provide functional information.
  • Nerve pathways demonstrate a complex course, expanding anteriorly in the mid-prostate before narrowing towards the apex posteriorly.
  • Surgeons should prioritize nerve preservation at the apex, focusing on the anterior mid-section and posterolateral regions during radical prostatectomy.