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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Standardization of Transfer across Labs between Flow Cytometers for Detection of Lymphocytes in Japanese Encephalitis Vaccinated Children
06:22

Standardization of Transfer across Labs between Flow Cytometers for Detection of Lymphocytes in Japanese Encephalitis Vaccinated Children

Published on: February 10, 2023

Update on universal childhood immunizations.

Jean Hamlin1, Selvi Senthilnathan, Henry H Bernstein

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Medical School, General Academic Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA.

Current Opinion in Pediatrics
|July 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review updates immunization research and recommendations, covering vaccine efficacy, disease transmission, and updated guidelines for influenza, pneumococcal, and meningococcal vaccines.

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Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens
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Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

Published on: May 19, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Standardization of Transfer across Labs between Flow Cytometers for Detection of Lymphocytes in Japanese Encephalitis Vaccinated Children
06:22

Standardization of Transfer across Labs between Flow Cytometers for Detection of Lymphocytes in Japanese Encephalitis Vaccinated Children

Published on: February 10, 2023

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens
13:47

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

Published on: May 19, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Recent research has focused on vaccine efficacy and disease transmission.
  • Emerging infectious diseases and vaccine-resistant strains pose ongoing challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an update on current research findings regarding immunizations.
  • To summarize new and revised recommendations for various vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on vaccine efficacy and disease incidence.
  • Analysis of updated guidelines from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.
  • Inclusion of FDA approvals for new vaccine formulations and age expansions.

Main Results:

  • Evaluated influenza vaccine efficacy, human papillomavirus transmission, and pneumococcal serotype prevalence.
  • Examined drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, febrile seizures post-MMRV vaccination, and a mumps outbreak.
  • Noted FDA approval for live attenuated influenza virus and quadrivalent meningococcal vaccines in children aged 2+.
  • Updated recommendations for meningococcal conjugate vaccine in adolescents and Streptococcus pneumoniae catch-up vaccinations.
  • Revised stance on measles-mumps-rubella-varicella combination vaccine and advised conserving Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine boosters due to recalls.

Conclusions:

  • Vaccine recommendations are continually evolving based on new research.
  • Ongoing research is crucial for understanding infectious diseases, vaccine safety, and efficacy.