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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic CompoundsIonic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions with...
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic CompoundsIonic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions with...
Ionic Strength: Overview01:12

Ionic Strength: Overview

The ionic strength of a solution is a quantitative way of expressing the total electrolyte concentration of a solution. This concept was first introduced in 1921 by two American physical chemists, Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, while describing the activity coefficient of strong electrolytes. During the calculation of ionic strength (I or μ), all the cations and anions are considered. However, the concentration (c) of an ion with a greater charge number (z) has a greater contribution to...

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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

High Resolution Physical Characterization of Single Metallic Nanoparticles
09:56

High Resolution Physical Characterization of Single Metallic Nanoparticles

Published on: June 28, 2019

Is a highly ionic material still ionic as a nanoparticle?

B Masenelli1, D Nicolas, P Mélinon

  • 1Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, LPMCN, CNRS, UMR 5586, Villeurbanne Cedex 69622, France.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|July 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ionicity in rare earth sesquioxide nanoparticles remains constant with decreasing size, unlike ionic surfaces. This finding highlights unique nanoparticle behavior, crucial for materials science research.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Understanding the behavior of nanoparticles is crucial for developing new materials.
  • Ionicity and covalency play significant roles in determining material properties.
  • Previous studies on ionic surfaces do not fully explain nanoparticle behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how ionicity changes with size in highly ionic nanoparticles.
  • To elucidate the roles of ionicity and covalency in sesquioxide clusters.
  • To understand surface relaxation mechanisms in nanoparticles.

Main Methods:

  • First-principle calculations using density functional theory (DFT-LDA).
  • Theoretical analysis of representative yttrium sesquioxide (Y2O3)N clusters (N < 50).
  • Comparison with experimental results under ultrahigh vacuum conditions.

Main Results:

  • The crystalline structure is preserved by the strong ionic bond in rare earth sesquioxides.
  • Surface relaxation is influenced by corner and edge ions, reducing particle dipole.
  • Mean ionicity remains constant as nanoparticle size decreases, contrary to ionic surface behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Highly ionic nanoparticles exhibit distinct properties compared to bulk ionic surfaces.
  • The behavior of ionicity in nanoparticles cannot be directly extrapolated from surface studies.
  • This research provides insights into the fundamental properties of ionic nanoparticles.