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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice
09:03

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice

Published on: February 3, 2012

Hepatitis C and innate immunity: recent advances.

Gyongyi Szabo1, Angela Dolganiuc

  • 1Department of Medicine-LRB215, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605-2324, USA. gyongyi.szabo@umassmed.edu <gyongyi.szabo@umassmed.edu>

Clinics in Liver Disease
|July 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) eradication depends on immune responses. This review explores how HCV evades innate immunity and discusses therapies targeting these pathways.

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice
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08:32

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection leads to chronic disease when immune responses fail.
  • Innate immunity plays a crucial role in controlling viral infections, including HCV.
  • Understanding immune evasion strategies is key to developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review innate immune sensing of HCV.
  • To discuss mechanisms by which HCV undermines host antiviral defenses.
  • To evaluate therapeutic strategies targeting innate immunity for HCV eradication.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of innate immune responses to HCV.
  • Analysis of HCV's interference with immune cell functions.
  • Evaluation of current and emerging therapies targeting innate immune pathways.

Main Results:

  • HCV is sensed through various innate immune mechanisms.
  • HCV actively subverts host innate immune defenses, including interferon production and dendritic cell function.
  • Dendritic cells are critical for initiating adaptive immunity against HCV.

Conclusions:

  • Effective HCV eradication relies on robust innate and adaptive immune responses.
  • Targeting innate immune pathways presents promising therapeutic avenues.
  • Further research into immune modulation is essential for HCV clearance.