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Related Concept Videos

Cholera01:25

Cholera

Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...
Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
Giardiasis01:12

Giardiasis

Giardiasis is a globally prevalent intestinal infection caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (also known as G. lamblia or G. intestinalis). This flagellated protozoan is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite in the United States and worldwide. Transmission primarily occurs via the fecal-oral route, with infection arising from ingestion of water or food contaminated with cysts. Individuals in low-resource settings, international travelers, outdoor enthusiasts, daycare...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
Patterns of Fever01:26

Patterns of Fever

Before understanding the types and patterns of fever, it is essential to know its phases.

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Characterizing Salmonella Typhimurium-induced Septic Peritonitis in Mice
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Characterizing Salmonella Typhimurium-induced Septic Peritonitis in Mice

Published on: July 29, 2022

Typhoid Fever.

A K Mahmud1, A J Chowdhury, Z M Sarker

  • 1Department of Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Mymensingh Medical Journal : MMJ
|July 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diagnosing typhoid fever in Bangladesh is challenging due to evolving disease patterns and antibiotic resistance. Relying on blood cultures over the Widal test is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Microbiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Typhoid fever is a significant febrile illness in Bangladesh.
  • Diagnosis is complicated by altered clinical presentations, limited diagnostic facilities, and over-reliance on the Widal test.
  • Empirical antibiotic use for undiagnosed fevers has led to widespread antibiotic resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges of typhoid fever in Bangladesh.
  • To emphasize the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhi.
  • To recommend appropriate diagnostic and treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentation and diagnostic challenges.
  • Discussion of antibiotic resistance patterns, including resistance to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic test reliability, specifically the Widal test versus blood cultures.

Main Results:

  • The Widal test is unreliable for typhoid fever diagnosis.
  • High-level resistance to commonly used antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, is prevalent.
  • Third-generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefixime) remain effective, but resistance is emerging.
  • Azithromycin's efficacy is compromised by increasing resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of typhoid fever requires blood culture and sensitivity testing.
  • Avoid empirical antibiotic treatment before obtaining culture results.
  • Judicious use of antibiotics is essential to prevent further resistance.