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Related Concept Videos

Rabies01:28

Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
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Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Quantitation of Rabies Virus in Various Bovine Brain Structures
13:42

Quantitation of Rabies Virus in Various Bovine Brain Structures

Published on: May 22, 2021

Generalised cranial artery spasm in human rabies.

R E Willoughby1, A Roy-Burman, K W Martin

  • 1Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1997, USA. rewillou@mcw.edu

Developments in Biologicals
|July 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Rabies patients can develop cerebral artery vasospasm, a condition impacting blood flow to the brain. This study explored its treatment using tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and L-arginine, showing potential therapeutic benefits.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Rabies virus infection can lead to neurological complications.
  • Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is crucial for neurotransmitter synthesis and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS).
  • Disruption of nNOS by rabies may cause cerebral artery vasospasm, affecting brain perfusion.

Observation:

  • Two pediatric rabies cases exhibited cerebral artery vasospasm, detected via transcranial doppler ultrasound.
  • Vasospasm was clinically silent on standard monitoring but responded to targeted therapies.
  • One patient received nitroprusside, while the other was treated with BH4 and L-arginine.

Findings:

  • Cerebral artery vasospasm occurred in both rabies patients, manifesting as abnormal flow velocities and indices.
  • Treatment with BH4 and L-arginine effectively resolved vasospasm in one patient.
  • Nitroprusside also demonstrated efficacy in managing vasospasm in the other patient.

Implications:

  • Cerebral artery vasospasm is a potential complication of rabies, requiring specific diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
  • Targeting the nitric oxide synthase pathway with BH4 and L-arginine shows promise for managing rabies-associated vasospasm.
  • Development of animal models is crucial for further research and evaluation of rabies therapies.