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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
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Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
The Synapse02:47

The Synapse

Neurons communicate with one another by passing on their electrical signals to other neurons. A synapse is the location where two neurons meet to exchange signals. At the synapse, the neuron that sends the signal is called the presynaptic cell, while the neuron that receives the message is called the postsynaptic cell. Note that most neurons can be both presynaptic and postsynaptic, as they both transmit and receive information.
Storage01:23

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents
11:29

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents

Published on: September 4, 2015

Memory beyond the synapse.

Steven P R Rose1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK. s.p.r.rose@open.ac.uk

Neuron Glia Biology
|July 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Memory consolidation involves synaptic changes, but these molecular events alone are insufficient. Whole brain and body processes are also crucial for forming lasting memories.

More Related Videos

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation
09:39

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Published on: June 26, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents
11:29

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents

Published on: September 4, 2015

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation
09:39

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Published on: June 26, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Memory consolidation is a complex process involving molecular and cellular changes.
  • The Hebb hypothesis suggests memory is encoded in synaptic connectivity.
  • Previous research focused on synaptic plasticity during learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence for the Hebb hypothesis in memory consolidation.
  • To investigate the sufficiency of synaptic changes in memory formation.
  • To explore the role of broader neurobiological systems in memory.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of molecular and cellular cascades during passive-avoidance learning in young chicks.
  • Review of existing literature on synaptic plasticity and memory.
  • Examination of neuromodulatory and hormonal influences on memory.

Main Results:

  • A molecular cascade occurs during memory consolidation, involving cell-adhesion molecules and synaptic remodeling.
  • Synaptic changes alone do not fully explain memory phenomena.
  • Both whole-brain neuromodulatory and whole-body hormonal processes are engaged in memory formation.

Conclusions:

  • Synaptic remodeling is necessary but not sufficient for memory consolidation.
  • Memory storage is distributed and involves integrated brain and body systems.
  • The neural mechanisms for reconstructing coherent memories remain an open question.