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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery

Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery

Published on: May 26, 2023

Anesthetic considerations for lung transplantation.

Bernard Baez¹, Maria Castillo

¹Department of Anesthesiology, Good Samaritan Hospital, Suffren, New York, USA.

Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia

|July 19, 2008

Summary

Lung transplantation offers definitive treatment for end-stage lung disease but faces donor limitations. Anesthesia management is critical, employing specialized techniques to mitigate risks and optimize patient outcomes during this complex procedure.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery

Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery

Published on: May 26, 2023

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Pulmonology
Anesthesiology

Background:

Lung transplantation is the primary treatment for end-stage lung disease.
Donor organ scarcity significantly limits the number of lung transplantations performed globally.
Recent decades have seen improvements in surgical techniques, organ preservation, and immunosuppression, reducing procedure-related morbidity and mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the critical anesthetic considerations for lung transplantation.
To discuss essential preoperative assessments and intraoperative monitoring strategies.
To outline advanced ventilation techniques and supportive therapies for optimizing patient care.

Main Methods:

Preoperative evaluation of pulmonary and cardiac function.
Establishment of adequate venous access and invasive monitoring.
Implementation of specialized ventilation strategies, including one-lung ventilation and lung-protective measures.
Utilization of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography, cardiopulmonary bypass, and inhaled nitric oxide.

Main Results:

Anesthetic management requires careful attention to patient-specific pulmonary and cardiac status.
Specific ventilation techniques are crucial for minimizing complications like reperfusion injury, barotrauma, and pulmonary edema.
Advanced monitoring and therapeutic tools aid in managing hemodynamic stability and gas exchange.

Conclusions:

Effective anesthetic management is paramount for successful lung transplantation outcomes.
Addressing anesthetic challenges through meticulous planning and advanced techniques improves patient safety.
Optimizing perioperative care is essential for patients undergoing this life-saving procedure.