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Handicapping: the effects of its source and frequency
James C McElroy1, J Michael Crant
1Department of Management, Iowa State University, Ames. IA 50014-1350, USA.
The Journal of Applied Psychology
|July 23, 2008
Summary
Reactions to handicapping in organizations depend on who presents the information and how often. Frequent handicapping, especially self-handicapping, negatively impacts observer impressions and credibility.
Area of Science:
- Organizational behavior
- Social psychology
Background:
- Handicapping strategies are used in organizations.
- Understanding reactions to handicapping is crucial for workplace dynamics.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine the influence of performance outcome, source, and frequency of handicapping on observer reactions.
- To analyze observer credit/blame allocation, interpersonal affect, and credibility of handicapping explanations.
Main Methods:
- A 2x2x2 experimental design was used with 246 working adults.
- Independent variables: performance outcome, source of handicapping, frequency of handicapping.
- Dependent measures: credit/blame, affect, credibility.
Main Results:
- All independent variables directly affected observer impressions.
- Source x Frequency interaction: Other-presented handicapping yielded more favorable impressions than self-handicapping.
- Frequent handicapping decreased observer impressions; multiple self-handicaps were least credible.
Conclusions:
- The source and frequency of handicapping significantly influence how observers perceive individuals and their explanations.
- Performance outcomes interact with source and frequency to shape credibility perceptions.
- Awareness of these dynamics can inform organizational strategies regarding impression management.
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