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Related Concept Videos

Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves01:05

Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves

The intensity of sound waves can be related to displacement and pressure amplitudes by using their wave expressions and the definition of intensity. The critical step to achieve this is to write the power delivered by the particles on the wave as the product of force and velocity and simplify the force per unit area as the pressure. The velocity of the medium's particles can be derived from the displacement.
Unlike the time average of a sinusoidal term, which is zero since it is positive and...
Sound as Pressure Waves01:17

Sound as Pressure Waves

Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
The pressure fluctuation depends on the difference in displacements between the successive points in the...
Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same frequency...
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
Sound Waves: Interference00:53

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
Echo01:06

Echo

The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case, then the...

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A Method to Study Adaptation to Left-Right Reversed Audition
07:14

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Published on: October 29, 2018

Pressure sensitivity kernels applied to time-reversal acoustics.

Kaustubha Raghukumar1, Bruce D Cornuelle, William S Hodgkiss

  • 1Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093-0238, USA. kaus@mpl.ucsd.edu

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|July 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Sensitivity kernels analyze how sound transmissions respond to environmental changes. This study optimizes these kernels for improved source transmission schemes, enhancing acoustic signal stability.

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Area of Science:

  • Acoustics
  • Oceanography
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • Sensitivity kernels are crucial for understanding acoustic reception in dynamic environments.
  • Environmental perturbations, like sound speed variations, significantly impact signal propagation.
  • Predicting and mitigating these effects is vital for reliable acoustic communication and sensing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for predicting acoustic transmission responses to sound speed perturbations using sensitivity kernels.
  • To compare the stability of time-reversal acoustics with one-way transmissions via sensitivity kernels.
  • To optimize sensitivity kernels for a novel source transmission scheme incorporating medium statistics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a first-order Born approximation to derive pressure sensitivity kernels for received acoustic signals.
  • Expressing pressure perturbations as a weighted sum of single-frequency sensitivity kernels in the frequency domain.
  • Analyzing time-reversal stability against one-way transmissions using derived sensitivity kernels.

Main Results:

  • The pressure perturbation of a received signal due to sound speed changes is formulated using sensitivity kernels.
  • Time-reversal stability, without multipath, requires multiple sources for reduced pressure sensitivity.
  • Optimized sensitivity kernels lead to a new source transmission scheme informed by medium statistics.

Conclusions:

  • Sensitivity kernels provide a robust framework for analyzing acoustic signal sensitivity to environmental changes.
  • The proposed method allows for the prediction of acoustic transmission responses to sound speed variations.
  • The optimized transmission scheme offers enhanced stability by leveraging medium statistics and inverse filtering principles.