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Quantitatively Measuring In situ Flows using a Self-Contained Underwater Velocimetry Apparatus SCUVA

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Published on: October 31, 2011

Validating shipping noise simulations for the Red Sea using field measurements.

Rihab Larayedh¹, Michelle N Havlik², Bruce D Cornuelle³

¹Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia.

Marine Pollution Bulletin

|September 18, 2025

Summary

Underwater radiated noise (URN) in the Red Sea is primarily from shipping. A validated physics-based model accurately predicts low-frequency noise, supporting marine spatial planning.

Keywords:

Modeling Red Sea Shipping Underwater acoustics Validation

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Area of Science:

Marine acoustics
Environmental noise modeling
Oceanography

Background:

The Red Sea faces increasing underwater radiated noise (URN) due to commercial shipping.
Accurate noise assessment is crucial for marine ecosystem health and spatial planning.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate a physics-based noise modeling framework's accuracy in the Red Sea.
To compare modeled sound pressure levels (SPLs) with in situ acoustic measurements.

Main Methods:

Modeled broadband (40-150 Hz) shipping and wind noise using AIS data, Hildebrand wind model, and RAM propagation.
Deployed six autonomous acoustic recorders in summer and winter at shallow and deep sites.
Compared modeled SPLs against measured data in time and frequency domains.

Main Results:

Strong seasonal and spatial variability in underwater noise levels observed.
Modeled median SPLs closely matched in situ measurements.
Ship traffic identified as the dominant noise source; wind contribution was minimal.

Conclusions:

The validated model accurately captures dominant low-frequency noise trends in the Red Sea.
The framework is reliable for regional noise mapping and marine spatial planning.
Seasonal variations impact acoustic propagation conditions.