Entropy-based measures of EEG arousals as biomarkers for sleep dynamics: applications to hypertension

We propose a generation of PSG-derived measures that using entropy can quantify temporal patterns of sleep, and investigate the role of these measures as predictors of hypertension. We also investigate the influence of age on these entropy-based measures as compared to traditional indices.

Cross-sectional analyses of the association between hypertension status with traditional PSG and novel measures using adjusted and unadjusted logistic regression models. The novel measures were developed to quantify variability of the arousal event process.

Analyses were based on a subsample of subjects from the Cleveland Family Study with clearly disparate hypertension status.

Among traditional PSG indices, the apnea hypopnea index (AHI) has the highest Odds Ratio (unadjusted and adjusted for age, gender, race, BMI: OR = 2.36 (95% CI: 1.48, 3.75, P = 0.0003) and 1.18, (95% CI: 0.76, 1.84, P = 0.46), respectively). The best predictor among the entropy-based measures is derived from analysis of the temporal patterns of arousal duration with unadjusted and adjusted ORs of 1.36 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.71, P = 0.0085) and 2.08 (95% CI: 1.19, 3.64, P = 0.01), respectively.

Our findings suggest that when adjusted for common confounders such as age, gender, race, and BMI, the entropy-based features that quantify the variability of the arousal event process are more strongly associated with hypertension as compared to traditional PSG indices; they are not as strongly influenced by age as are the traditional indices. The result implies that the regularity of arousals may be an important feature associated with hypertension. These measures may provide a powerful tool for discriminating individuals at risk for comorbidities, such as hypertension, associated with sleep disturbances.