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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...
Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...

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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Monitoring Blood Glucose in Mouse Offspring After Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
06:11

Monitoring Blood Glucose in Mouse Offspring After Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

Published on: May 17, 2024

Antenatal testing: diabetes mellitus.

Michael P Nageotte1

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 90806, USA. mnageotte@memorialcare.org

Seminars in Perinatology
|July 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fetal surveillance testing is standard for pregnancies with diabetes. Optimal outcomes depend more on diabetes control throughout gestation than specific testing methods.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Monitoring Blood Glucose in Mouse Offspring After Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
06:11

Monitoring Blood Glucose in Mouse Offspring After Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

Published on: May 17, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Diabetes in pregnancy necessitates fetal surveillance to mitigate stillbirth risks.
  • Historically, fetal testing was developed specifically for pregnancies complicated by diabetes.
  • Various antepartum testing methods have been employed to monitor fetal well-being in the third trimester.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the role and effectiveness of fetal surveillance testing in pregnancies with diabetes.
  • To compare the importance of diabetes control versus specific testing protocols for pregnancy outcomes.
  • To establish appropriate management guidelines for well-controlled diabetic pregnancies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and current fetal surveillance testing protocols used in diabetic pregnancies.
  • Analysis of the impact of diabetes control throughout gestation on pregnancy outcomes.
  • Evaluation of biweekly testing as a standard for well-controlled diabetic pregnancies.

Main Results:

  • Fetal testing was initially introduced due to high stillbirth rates in diabetic pregnancies.
  • The contraction stress test was considered a "gold standard," but other methods have also proven successful.
  • Effective diabetes control throughout pregnancy is more critical for optimal outcomes than the specific type of fetal testing used.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive diabetes management during gestation is paramount for favorable pregnancy outcomes.
  • Biweekly fetal testing is a standard approach for well-controlled diabetic pregnancies.
  • Allowing gestation to continue to spontaneous labor, even past 40 weeks, is appropriate for well-managed diabetic pregnancies with normal test results.