Pharmacokinetics of acebutolol enantiomers in humans

The chiral beta-blocker acebutolol (AC) is marketed as a racemic mixture. Both AC and its major metabolite, diacetotol (DC), are chiral, the S-enantiomer possessing beta-blocking activity. The pharmacokinetics of AC and DC enantiomers was determined in 12 healthy subjects following oral administration of 200 mg of AC. Plasma and urine were collected over a 24-hr period and both AC and DC enantiomers were measured utilizing a stereospecific HPLC assay. Concentrations of S-AC were predominant in both plasma and urine [AUC S:R, 1.20 +/- 0.1; cumulative urinary excretion (sigma Xu) S:R, 1.17 +/- 0.05), which corresponded to a significantly greater oral clearance of R-AC (106 +/- 30 L/h) than S-AC (87 +/- 22 L/h). The Cmax of R-DC was significantly greater than for S-DC (S/R 0.7 +/- 0.1). The half-life (t1/2) of R-DC (6.4 +/- 1.6 h) was significantly shorter than that of S-DC (8.8 +/- 2.4 h). The observed AUC values for R- and S-DC were not significantly different. Renal clearance of R-DC (70 +/- 34 mL/min) was significantly greater than that of S-DC (53 +/- 29 mL/min). The data suggest that the first-pass metabolism of R-AC to R-DC is stereoselective. This metabolism, coupled with the stereoselective renal excretion of R-DC is likely a major contributor to the observed stereoselective disposition of AC and its major metabolite in humans.