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Related Concept Videos

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal tetrahedral value,...
Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...
Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane02:02

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this staggered...
Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes02:30

Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

This lesson discusses the stability of substituted cyclohexanes with a focus on energies of various conformers and the effect of 1,3-diaxial interactions.
The two chair conformations of cyclohexanes undergo rapid interconversion at room temperature. Both forms have identical energies and stabilities, each comprising equal amounts of the equilibrium mixture. Replacing a hydrogen atom with a functional group makes the two conformations energetically non-equivalent.
For example, in...

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Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives
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Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives

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Poly(2,7-carbazole)s: structure-property relationships.

Nicolas Blouin1, Mario Leclerc

  • 1Canada Research Chair on Electroactive and Photoactive Polymers, Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada.

Accounts of Chemical Research
|July 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed new synthetic routes for well-defined poly(2,7-carbazole)s, enabling advanced conjugated polymers for electronic devices. These materials show promise for applications in light-emitting diodes, transistors, and particularly solar cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organic Electronics

Background:

  • Conjugated polymers offer metal-like properties with polymer processability.
  • Significant advances have been made in synthesizing various conjugated polymers.
  • Well-defined poly(2,7-carbazole)s were previously difficult to access.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight advances in the synthesis of poly(2,7-carbazole) derivatives.
  • To explore structure-property relationships of these polymers.
  • To evaluate their performance in electronic devices.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of 2,7-functionalized carbazoles via Cadogan ring-closure reactions.
  • Polymerization using Yamamoto, Stille, Suzuki, or Horner-Emmons coupling.
  • Characterization of optical and electrical properties.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of well-defined poly(2,7-carbazole) derivatives.
  • Demonstrated structure-property relationships.
  • Identified low band gap derivatives with high hole mobility (3 x 10(-3) cm2 V(-1) s(-1)) and power conversion efficiencies up to 4.8% in solar cells.

Conclusions:

  • New synthetic strategies provide access to well-defined poly(2,7-carbazole)s.
  • These polymers exhibit promising properties for organic electronic devices.
  • Poly(2,7-carbazole)s are particularly suitable for efficient solar cell applications.