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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation01:27

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation

Palpation involves feeling the body to evaluate texture, size, consistency, and tenderness for assessing cardiovascular health. The following steps are organized in a head-to-toe order:
Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP) Measurement
Position the patient at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle or in a semi-fowler's position. Look for the highest point of pulsation in the internal jugular vein and measure the vertical distance to the angle of Loius or sternal angle. A normal JVP is 3-4 cm above the...
Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Clinical Efficacy of Small Needle Knife Therapy on Stage I-II Frozen Shoulder
05:52

Clinical Efficacy of Small Needle Knife Therapy on Stage I-II Frozen Shoulder

Published on: November 17, 2023

Shoulder stiffness.

Joseph C Tauro1, Melyssa Paulson

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA. drnuke1@comcast.net

Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association
|July 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Shoulder stiffness, a common clinical issue, has diverse causes ranging from pain to trauma. This review details causes, diagnostic methods, and tailored treatments for shoulder range of motion loss.

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Clinical Efficacy of Small Needle Knife Therapy on Stage I-II Frozen Shoulder
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Tuina in a Frozen Shoulder Rat Model: An Efficient and Reproducible Protocol
04:28

Tuina in a Frozen Shoulder Rat Model: An Efficient and Reproducible Protocol

Published on: July 21, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Physical Therapy

Background:

  • Shoulder stiffness is a frequent clinical presentation with variable severity and origins.
  • Loss of shoulder range of motion can be a primary patient concern or a secondary symptom.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the etiologies of shoulder stiffness.
  • To outline recommended diagnostic approaches, including history, physical examination, and imaging.
  • To present evidence-based treatment strategies for different causes of shoulder stiffness.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of causes, diagnosis, and treatment of shoulder stiffness.
  • Categorization of stiffness causes into nonanatomic and mechanical blockage.
  • Discussion of specific conditions like adhesive capsulitis, rotator cuff disease, and post-surgical stiffness.

Main Results:

  • Identified nonanatomic causes (pain, secondary gain) and mechanical blockages (trauma, adhesive capsulitis, rotator cuff disease, post-surgery).
  • Detailed recommended diagnostic workup for each category of stiffness.
  • Presented a spectrum of treatment options tailored to the underlying cause.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause is crucial for effective shoulder stiffness management.
  • A systematic approach to history, physical examination, and diagnostic testing aids in identifying the etiology.
  • Tailored treatment strategies based on the specific cause lead to improved outcomes for patients with shoulder stiffness.