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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Immune-endocrine interactions in autoimmune thyroid diseases.

Alicia Juana Klecha1, María Laura Barreiro Arcos, Luciana Frick

  • 1Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Neuroimmunomodulation
|August 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) involve genetic and environmental factors disrupting neuroendocrine-immune interactions. These disruptions lead to conditions like Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Graves' disease by altering immune responses.

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Published on: March 17, 2023

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Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are common organ-specific autoimmune disorders affecting ~5% of the population.
  • AITD pathogenesis involves aberrant interactions between thyrocytes, antigen-presenting cells, and T cells targeting thyroid antigens.
  • Nongenetic factors (environmental, hormonal) are crucial in AITD development by altering immune-endocrine interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the main mechanisms involved in autoimmune thyroid disease etiology.
  • To explore the role of environmental and hormonal factors in AITD development.
  • To discuss the influence of neuroendocrine-immune interactions on thyroid autoimmunity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on AITD mechanisms.
  • Analysis of the interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental triggers.
  • Discussion of immune-endocrine axis modulation in AITD.

Main Results:

  • Environmental factors disrupt neuroendocrine-immune interactions in genetically predisposed individuals, leading to AITD.
  • Immune response balance (Th1/Th2) is altered, causing Hashimoto's thyroiditis (hypothyroidism) or Graves' disease (hyperthyroidism).
  • Stress response (sympathoadrenal system, HPA axis) and pregnancy/postpartum hormonal changes influence AITD etiology.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental factors significantly contribute to AITD by modulating immune-endocrine pathways.
  • Altered thyroid hormone levels may also impact immune function in AITD.
  • Understanding these complex interactions is key to managing AITD.