Advanced osteosarcoma of the maxilla: a case report

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Pathology
• Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Background:

• Osteosarcomas are malignant bone tumors characterized by osteoid production by mesenchymal cells.
• While common in long bones, osteosarcoma of the jaw (JOS) is rare, typically presenting with lower metastasis rates and better prognosis.
• Delayed diagnosis in JOS can lead to advanced tumors and poorer outcomes.

Observation:

• A 38-year-old woman with a history of recurrent fibrous dysplasia presented with facial swelling, lip ulceration, and palate swelling.
• Computed tomography revealed a large mass in the right maxilla extending to the orbit and maxillary sinus.
• Microscopic examination of an incisional biopsy confirmed osteosarcoma with osteoid and chondroid formation.

Findings:

• The patient was diagnosed with advanced osteosarcoma of the maxilla.
• Despite oncologic treatment recommendations, the tumor exhibited uncontrollable local spread.
• The patient succumbed to the disease six months post-diagnosis.

Implications:

• This case highlights the critical importance of early and accurate diagnosis of jaw tumors to prevent advanced disease.
• It underscores the aggressive potential of osteosarcoma of the jaw, even with a generally better prognosis.
• Accurate histopathological evaluation is crucial for differentiating rare jaw malignancies from benign conditions like fibrous dysplasia.