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Related Concept Videos

Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
Dementia01:30

Dementia

Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual.
Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
Huntington Disease l: Introduction01:21

Huntington Disease l: Introduction

Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show reduced penetrance,...
Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ and tau...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
09:17

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

Published on: November 6, 2017

Rapidly progressive dementia.

Michael D Geschwind1, Huidy Shu, Aissa Haman

  • 1University of California San Francisco Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, San Francisco, CA 94143-1207, USA. mgeschwind@memory.ucsf.edu

Annals of Neurology
|August 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rapidly progressive dementias (RPDs) develop quickly and can be fatal, unlike typical dementias. Prompt diagnosis is crucial as many RPDs are treatable, requiring efficient evaluation of diverse causes.

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Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
09:17

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

Published on: November 6, 2017

Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains
12:28

Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains

Published on: June 3, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Geriatrics
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Common dementias progress over years.
  • Rapidly progressive dementias (RPDs) present subacutely (months to days) and are often fatal.
  • Early diagnosis of RPDs is critical due to treatable underlying causes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding major categories of RPD.
  • To outline efficient diagnostic approaches for RPDs.
  • To cover neurodegenerative, toxic-metabolic, infectious, autoimmune, and neoplastic causes of RPD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advances in RPD.
  • Synthesis of diagnostic strategies for various RPD categories.
  • Focus on timely and efficient diagnostic pathways.

Main Results:

  • RPDs encompass diverse etiologies including neurodegenerative, toxic-metabolic, infectious, autoimmune, and neoplastic conditions.
  • Recent advances have improved the understanding of RPD pathogenesis and classification.
  • Efficient diagnostic algorithms are essential for prompt identification of treatable RPDs.

Conclusions:

  • RPDs require urgent evaluation and diagnosis.
  • A systematic approach is necessary to differentiate between various RPD causes.
  • Timely diagnosis significantly impacts patient outcomes for treatable RPDs.