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Related Concept Videos

Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements.
Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the cerebellum's...
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Organization of the Brain01:31

Organization of the Brain

The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
Hindbrain
The hindbrain, located at the base of the brain, plays a vital role in regulating automatic processes that sustain life. It includes the medulla oblongata, which is essential for...
Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this information.

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Disruption of Frontal Lobe Neural Synchrony During Cognitive Control by Alcohol Intoxication
09:26

Disruption of Frontal Lobe Neural Synchrony During Cognitive Control by Alcohol Intoxication

Published on: February 6, 2019

[Frontal lobe, executive functions and cognitive control].

O Godefroy1, M Jeannerod, P Allain

  • 1Service de Neurologie, CHU Amiens et Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies (UMR CNRS 8160), 80054 Amiens, France. godefroy.olivier@chu-amiens.fr

Revue Neurologique
|August 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Executive functions, crucial for non-routine tasks, are impaired in various cognitive disorders. Recent research expands understanding beyond a single control system, influencing clinical assessment of executive syndrome.

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Disruption of Frontal Lobe Neural Synchrony During Cognitive Control by Alcohol Intoxication
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Published on: February 6, 2019

Conducting Concurrent Electroencephalography and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Recordings with a Flanker Task
13:18

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Published on: May 24, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuropsychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Context:

  • Executive functions were initially understood through behavioral disorders linked to frontal lobe damage.
  • Neuropsychology's evolution revealed diverse cognitive disorders, highlighting executive function impairments in complex situations.
  • Working memory's role, supported by animal studies, significantly shaped theoretical frameworks like those of Shallice and Baddeley.

Purpose:

  • To explore the evolution of executive functions research from early descriptions to modern cognitive interpretations.
  • To review the impact of working memory and established theoretical models on understanding executive control processes.
  • To examine recent investigations into emotional, social, and metacognitive deficits and their challenge to a unified control system model.

Summary:

  • Executive functions, critical for non-routine tasks, are central to understanding cognitive disorders.
  • Theoretical frameworks by Shallice and Baddeley, incorporating working memory, have guided extensive research into control processes like initiation and inhibition.
  • Emerging research investigates deficits in emotional, social, and metacognitive processes, questioning a singular central executive system.

Impact:

  • Findings influence the clinical approach, assessment, and diagnosis of executive syndrome.
  • Clinical practice increasingly favors specific assessments of key behavioral and cognitive deficits.
  • Utilizing test batteries and structured informant interviews enhances the diagnosis and management of executive dysfunction.