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Related Concept Videos

Ligand Binding Sites02:40

Ligand Binding Sites

Proteins are dynamic macromolecules that carry out a wide variety of essential processes; however, the activities of most proteins depend on their interactions with other molecules or ions, known as ligands.
Protein-ligand interactions are quite specific; even though numerous potential ligands surround a cellular protein at any given time, only a particular ligand can bind to that protein. Moreover, a ligand binds only to a dedicated area on the surface of the protein, known as the...
Ligand Binding Sites02:40

Ligand Binding Sites

Proteins are dynamic macromolecules that carry out a wide variety of essential processes; however, the activities of most proteins depend on their interactions with other molecules or ions, known as ligands.
Protein-ligand interactions are quite specific; even though numerous potential ligands surround a cellular protein at any given time, only a particular ligand can bind to that protein. Moreover, a ligand binds only to a dedicated area on the surface of the protein, known as the...
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
Protein-protein Interfaces02:04

Protein-protein Interfaces

Many proteins form complexes to carry out their functions, making protein-protein interactions (PPIs) essential for an organism's survival. Most PPIs are stabilized by numerous weak noncovalent chemical forces. The physical shape of the interfaces determines the way two proteins interact. Many globular proteins have closely-matching shapes on their surfaces, which form a large number of weak bonds. Additionally, many PPIs occur between two helices or between a surface cleft and a polypeptide...
Ligand Binding and Linkage00:49

Ligand Binding and Linkage

Allosteric proteins have more than one ligand binding site; the binding of a ligand to any of these sites influences the binding of ligands to the other sites. When a protein is allosteric, its binding sites are called coupled or linked.  In the case of enzymes, the site that binds to the substrate is known as the active site and the other site is known as the regulatory site. When a ligand binds to the regulatory site, this leads to conformational changes in the protein that can influence the...
Ligand Binding and Linkage00:49

Ligand Binding and Linkage

Allosteric proteins have more than one ligand binding site; the binding of a ligand to any of these sites influences the binding of ligands to the other sites. When a protein is allosteric, its binding sites are called coupled or linked.  In the case of enzymes, the site that binds to the substrate is known as the active site and the other site is known as the regulatory site. When a ligand binds to the regulatory site, this leads to conformational changes in the protein that can influence the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Creating Highly Specific Chemically Induced Protein Dimerization Systems by Stepwise Phage Selection of a Combinatorial Single-Domain Antibody Library
10:17

Creating Highly Specific Chemically Induced Protein Dimerization Systems by Stepwise Phage Selection of a Combinatorial Single-Domain Antibody Library

Published on: January 14, 2020

Developing therapeutic proteins by engineering ligand-receptor interactions.

Douglas S Jones1, Adam P Silverman, Jennifer R Cochran

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Trends in Biotechnology
|August 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review highlights advances in engineering non-antibody proteins, like ligands and receptors, for therapeutic applications. These protein therapeutics offer new strategies for treating cancer, autoimmune disorders, and for regenerative medicine.

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Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices
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Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Creating Highly Specific Chemically Induced Protein Dimerization Systems by Stepwise Phage Selection of a Combinatorial Single-Domain Antibody Library
10:17

Creating Highly Specific Chemically Induced Protein Dimerization Systems by Stepwise Phage Selection of a Combinatorial Single-Domain Antibody Library

Published on: January 14, 2020

Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices
06:34

Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices

Published on: November 29, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology and molecular medicine
  • Protein engineering and drug discovery

Background:

  • Ligand-receptor interactions are crucial for cell signaling, regulating homeostasis and responses to stimuli.
  • These interactions mediate vital cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, immune responses, and cell death.
  • Therapeutic potential exists for both inhibitors (cancer, autoimmune disorders) and stimulators (regenerative medicine) of these pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent progress in developing non-antibody protein therapeutics.
  • To explore rational and combinatorial protein engineering approaches for creating novel ligands and receptors.
  • To discuss the application of these engineered proteins as agonists and antagonists against clinically relevant targets.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on protein engineering techniques.
  • Analysis of advancements in rational design and combinatorial approaches for protein therapeutics.
  • Examination of case studies involving engineered ligands and receptors.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in engineering non-antibody proteins for therapeutic use.
  • Rational and combinatorial protein engineering enable precise modulation of ligand-receptor interactions.
  • Engineered proteins show promise as agonists and antagonists for various clinical targets.

Conclusions:

  • Non-antibody proteins represent a growing area of therapeutic development, complementing monoclonal antibodies.
  • Protein engineering offers powerful tools to create targeted therapies for complex diseases.
  • Further research in this field holds potential for innovative treatments in oncology, immunology, and regenerative medicine.