Insect vector interactions with persistently transmitted viruses

The majority of described plant viruses are transmitted by insects of the Hemipteroid assemblage that includes aphids, whiteflies, leafhoppers, planthoppers, and thrips. In this review we highlight progress made in research on vector interactions of the more than 200 plant viruses that are transmitted by hemipteroid insects beginning a few hours or days after acquisition and for up to the life of the insect, i.e., in a persistent-circulative or persistent-propagative mode. These plant viruses move through the insect vector, from the gut lumen into the hemolymph or other tissues and finally into the salivary glands, from which these viruses are introduced back into the plant host during insect feeding. The movement and/or replication of the viruses in the insect vectors require specific interactions between virus and vector components. Recent investigations have resulted in a better understanding of the replication sites and tissue tropism of several plant viruses that propagate in insect vectors. Furthermore, virus and insect proteins involved in overcoming transmission barriers in the vector have been identified for some virus-vector combinations.