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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
Tissue Transplantation01:24

Tissue Transplantation

Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
The Biology of Tissue Transplantation
The biology of tissue transplantation hinges on the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. These molecules...

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Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
09:47

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

Pathways of major histocompatibility complex allorecognition.

Behdad Afzali1, Giovanna Lombardi, Robert I Lechler

  • 1Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, Kings College London, London, UK.

Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation
|August 8, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Understanding allorecognition pathways is key to managing immune responses after transplantation. This review explores how direct, indirect, and semi-direct pathways influence regulatory versus effector T cell balance for better graft outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplantation Science
  • T Cell Biology

Background:

  • Transplantation between non-identical individuals triggers immune responses, leading to graft rejection or acceptance.
  • Allorecognition, the process by which recipient immune cells recognize foreign antigens on the graft, is central to transplant outcomes.
  • The balance between regulatory and effector T cell responses critically determines graft fate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the distinct pathways of allorecognition (direct, indirect, and semi-direct).
  • To explore the relevance of these pathways in modulating the balance between regulatory and effector immune responses post-transplantation.
  • To highlight the role of regulatory T cells in the context of allorecognition.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on allorecognition pathways.
  • Analysis of T cell activation routes (direct, indirect, semi-direct) in transplantation.
  • Synthesis of findings on regulatory T cell recruitment and function in allorecognition.

Main Results:

  • Foreign antigen presentation to recipient T cells occurs via direct, indirect, and semi-direct pathways.
  • Allospecific T cells can exhibit either effector or regulatory functions.
  • The relative activation of effector and regulatory T cell populations influences clinical outcomes, with growing understanding of regulatory T cell roles.

Conclusions:

  • Elucidating allorecognition mechanisms is fundamental to understanding immune cell recruitment.
  • This knowledge can guide the development of novel immunomodulatory strategies for transplantation.
  • Targeting allorecognition pathways offers potential for improving graft survival and reducing rejection.