Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Ginger Moxibustion, A Non-pharmacological Treatment, for Diarrhea in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Published on: December 27, 2024
Pharmacological management of dyspnoea
David C Currow1, Amy P Abernethy
1Department of Palliative and Supportive Services, Division of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia. david.currow@rgh.sa.gov.au
Purpose Of Review:
This paper reviews the current evidence for the pharmacological treatment of refractory symptomatic breathlessness in people with advanced life-limiting illnesses. The paper does not explore changes in function.
Recent Findings:
Oral and parenteral opioids reduce dyspnoea, and data continue to add to this indication for these drugs. Optimal dosing of opioids is being refined. Interest in other medications continues to be explored - benzodiazepines, nebulised frusemide, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - but their role in day-to-day clinical practice is not defined.
Summary:
Low-dose regular opioids, especially sustained-release preparations, have a key role in the pharmacological management of dyspnoea when titrated for effect, and may be used regularly across a range of underlying pathophysiologies. Key research questions for all the current symptomatic pharmacological agents used in refractory dyspnoea remain.
Related Concept Videos
COPD: Management Using Bronchodilators and Corticosteroids
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-V: Management
Smoking Cessation
Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview
Bronchodilators, the first step of respiration enhancement, come in various forms, each with its own mechanism...
Heart Failure V: Medical Management
Asthma-IV: Diagnostic and Management
Clinical Assessment for Asthma:
This is the first step in diagnosing and managing asthma. It includes:
Angina IV: Management